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[138940] Artykuł:

Impact of Zinc(II) Chloride Contamination on Bentonites: Formation of Simonkolleite and Effects on Porosity and Chemical Composition

Czasopismo: Materials   Tom: 18, Zeszyt: 2933
ISSN:  1996-1944
Opublikowano: Czerwiec 2025
 
  Autorzy / Redaktorzy / Twórcy
Imię i nazwisko Wydział Katedra Do oświadczenia
nr 3		 Grupa
przynależności		 Dyscyplina
naukowa		 Procent
udziału		 Liczba
punktów
do oceny pracownika		 Liczba
punktów wg
kryteriów ewaluacji
Edyta Nartowska orcid logo WiŚGiEKatedra Geotechniki, Geomatyki i Gospodarki Odpadami*Takzaliczony do "N"Inżynieria środowiska, górnictwo i energetyka33140.00140.00  
Piotr Stępień orcid logo WBiAKatedra Teorii Konstrukcji i BIMTakzaliczony do "N"Inżynieria lądowa, geodezja i transport33140.00140.00  
Maria Kanuchova Niespoza "N" jednostki033.00.00  

Grupa MNiSW:  Publikacja w czasopismach wymienionych w wykazie ministra MNiSzW (część A)
Punkty MNiSW: 140

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Keywords:

clay minerals  porous materials  sealing materials  bentonite  zincII chloride  porosity  specific surface area  geotechnical properties 


Abstract:

This study examines the formation of the clay mineral simonkolleite (Skl) in bentonites contaminated with zinc(II) chloride (ZnCl2), a process that has been little documented in heterogeneous systems such as contaminated bentonites. We explain the contamination mechanisms and provide new insights into the mineralogical, structural, and physicochemical transformations occurring within these materials. The objective, explored for the first time, was to assess how the ZnCl2-induced mineral phase formation influences the properties of bentonites used as sealing materials, particularly regarding changes in specific surface area and porosity. Three bentonites were analyzed: Ca-bentonite from Texas (STx-1b), Na-bentonite from Wyoming (SWy-3), and Ca-bentonite from Jelsovy Potok, Slovakia (BSvk). Treatment with ZnCl2 solution led to ion exchange and the formation of up to ~30% simonkolleite, accompanied by a concurrent decrease in montmorillonite content by 9–30%. A suite of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), was employed to characterize these transformations. The contamination mechanism of ZnCl2 involves an ion exchange of Zn2+ within the montmorillonite structure, the partial degradation of specific montmorillonite phases, and the formation of a secondary phase, simonkolleite. These transformations caused a ~50% decrease in specific surface area and porosity as measured by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) methods. The findings raise concerns regarding the long-term performance of bentonite-based barriers. Further research should evaluate hydraulic conductivity, mechanical strength, and the design of modified bentonite materials with improved resistance to Zn-induced alterations.


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